Waterfall Model

Introduction To Waterfall Model

Originated from construction and manufacturing industries, it is highly structured physical environment meant for design and development processes. Waterfall model is also known as the software development life cycle model. It was the first process model introduced as the linear-sequential life cycle model. Waterfall model simply tells the phenomenon as to complete the one phase completely before starting the new phase of development so there is no overlapping of phases. In the software development field, the waterfall model was first used as the SDLC approach. To work on the waterfall model we need to understand its application approach based on both  internal and external factors which can be as follows :

• No ambiguous requirements in the application.
• Stability of product definition
• It is technology understood
• It is not dynamic
• Large resources with appropriate expertise are available to support the product
• Vey short length project
• The good document, clear and fixed requirements.

To start with the history of the waterfall model, I would like to say that the first sample of the waterfall model was introduced in the year 1970 by Winston w Royce in an article. Since then the waterfall model state that one should switch to another phase only when the previous phases are completely tested, reviewed and verified. It emphasizes on the logical progression of phase steps. Its functionality is similar to the water flows over the edge of the cliff. This approach of software development has been given the name waterfall because it develops systematically from one phase to another in a downward fashion. Since the time it was first published by Winston W. Royce in 1970, the waterfall model has been used widely in the field of software development. In the software development process cycle, programming models are used to plan the various stages of developing an application. One such model is the waterfall model.

Phases Of Waterfall Model

Now let’s talk about the phases of the waterfall model, which can be explained clearly through this demo infographic.

With the above infographics we can understand that the waterfall model has a total of 7 phases of design and development software cycle which are as follows :

1. Requirements
2. Analysis
3. Design
4. Coding / implementation
5. Testing
6. Operation / deployment
7. Maintenance

So we can see that waterfall model works hierarchy from top to bottom with one phase completed with full verifications then switching to another phase including phase processes like Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Production/Implementation, and Maintenance. In order to get a more brief knowledge about the waterfall model, we need to understand all of its processes in deep with its work model. There is a basic prerequisite phase which needs to be understood before starting the deep phases of knowledge. It is about the feasibility study for the software product. It deals with the financial and technical aspects of the project requirements. This phase deals with the correction of the measures based on the analyzed benefits and drawbacks. Thus the best solution is chosen.

1. Requirements: As specific by words, we need to know and understand what we have to design, what we have to develop, its processes, what will be its functionality, etc. It provides input material to the product being made and thus the upcoming product is studied, finalized and marked. It also gives us the extension to decide the hardware or software requirements of the product which will be designed, developed and captured in all phases.
2. Analysis: It results in designing models, schema and business rules. Not only this requirement is divided into two parts :

• Requirement gathering and analysis: First all the information and requirement for the product development is gathered from the customer and then it is processed for analysis. The main role of this part is to eradicate incompleteness and inconsistencies related to software product development.
• Requirement specification: Then the above-analyzed requirements are documented in an SRS (software requirement specification ) document. It serves as a path between the customer and the SRS development team. Any disputes in the future are managed and settled through this SRS documentation only.

3. Design: After the first phase is completed and verified it is the next most important phase to be studied as it is used for system design. It helps in specifying software and hardware requirements for the product design. It also helps in overall architecture for the system design. So the requirement specification is mostly studied and verified in this phase. It is also helpful in transforming the SRS document into functional design and development of the software product. So we can say that in the designing phase, one is making the overall architecture for the software development project.
4. Implementation: With system design fully verified, the implementation phase comes in the row. In this phase, the inputs from system design are taken, and it is first developed in small programs known as units, which is tested and implemented in the upcoming phase. Each unit in the implementation phase undergoes for development and its full functionality is tested which is also known as unit testing. So in this phase, the system design is converted into source code with fully functional programs modules. It includes development, proving and integration of the software.
5. Integration and Testing: Each unit design and developed in the earlier phases are incorporated from implementation phase which is integrated into a module or system for a various test like load test, lead test, etc after testing each unit. The testing environment undergoes a constant software check to find out if there is any flows or error in the design or code. Testing is done to maintain the stability and feasibility of the software so that the client do not face any disturbances or bugs during its production. So in this phase after implementation, the whole system is tested thoroughly for any faults and failures. System testing consist of three different types of activities which can be explained as below :

• Alpha (α) Testing: It is the testing done by the development team.
• Beta (β) Testing: It is the testing done by the friendly team of customers and users.
• Acceptance testing: it is done after both the alpha testing and beta testing. Basically, this testing is done after delivery by the customers. After testing performed by the customer, the decision is taken whether this software is acceptable or to reject it. So in this phase basically debugging of bugs are done.

6. Deployment of the system /Operations: once the non- functional, functional, alpha and beta testing are done, the product of software is deployed to the user or customer system or it is released to the market. The deployment phase includes installation, migration, and support of the complete system to the user or customer environment.
7. Maintenance: It is last but the most important phase in the waterfall workflow model. This step comes just after installation, and it includes making the appropriate modification to the product or system, or to enhance, change or modify attributes related to performance issue related to the system. its main role is to improve the performance of the system with the maximum accuracy result of the software output. These changes raised during maintenance phase are majorly related to changes initiated to be done by the customer or users after installation and testing phase which includes bugs like defect uncovered during live uses of the system or request raised by the customers. So the client is provided with timely and scheduled maintenance and support for the developed product. You will really be amazed to know that the effort made in the design and development phase of the software product is only the 60% effort as compared to the efforts made in the maintenance phase. There are basically three types of maintenance which is explained below :

• Corrective Maintenance: During the design and development phase, some errors are not discovered, they only take into account when the customer uses. This is only corrective maintenance which means correction of issues or error which were not discovered in the development phase.
• Perfective Maintenance: This type of maintenance is carried out on customer request to increase and enhance the functionalities of the system or software.
• Adaptive maintenance: it is the maintenance which is required for switching of the system environment. Usually required for porting of the existing system to a new environment or new computer or system or maybe with a new operating system. This phase is too important as this lead to better system performance.

So in the above discussion, we came to know each phase of the waterfall model deeply with full specifications. So we can say that waterfall model is very much important in the software field also as compared to mechanical industries as each phase has their own importance, it leads to generate a more productive and stable software.

Advantages

Not only this waterfall model also has many more advantages in the software development life cycle which can be discussed below:

• It allows for departmentalization and control.
• A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process model phases one by one.
• As it undergoes easily understandable and explainable phases, it overcomes many issues, so it is very easy to use.
• Due to the rigidity of the workflow model, it is very much easy to manage as each phase in the waterfall model has specific review and deliverables processes.
• Waterfall model works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood.
• The schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process model phases one by one.
• Clearly defined stages.
• Well understood milestones.
• Easy to arrange tasks.
• Process and results are well documented.
• Reinforces good habits: define-before- design,
• Design-before-code.
• The model works well for smaller projects and projects where requirements are well understood.

Disadvantage

As we know that every coin has two faces, so with the large access to the advantages of the waterfall model, waterfall model also has some drawbacks or you can say disadvantages which are discussed below :

• Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects.
• Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing.
• It is difficult to estimate time and cost for each phase of the development process.
• Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects.
• No working software is produced until late during the life cycle.
• Cannot accommodate changing requirements.
• It is difficult to measure progress within stages.
• High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
• Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
• Adjusting scope during the life cycle can end a project.
• No feedback path
• No overlapping of phases
• Difficult to accommodate change requests.
• risk and uncertainty are high with this process model.

Where To Use Waterfall Model

Now after encircling all the scenarios, we come to a point where we want to know where to use the waterfall model.

• Majorly waterfall model is used in a defense project as there, the requirement is clear because before moving to development phase they analyze it well.
• This can also be used in migration projects where requirements will be the same only platform or languages may vary / change.

Conclusion

So as a whole I can say that waterfall model is best suitable for small software development project as compared to big projects because design, development, and implementation is easier in the small project when working on waterfall model because in this model all the previous phases need to be completed when going to upcoming phases. So in the big project the issues and errors come frequently as it has large model, so every time the testing phase will be continued if implemented through the waterfall model, which will lead to less optimization and accuracy of the software.

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