What is Minus Operator in Oracle?
MINUS operator in Oracle is used in between multiple select statements, in turn to fetch the unique records out of all the select queries. The resulting outputs are the rows that does not repeat for more than one select statement in the MINUS query that was executed. The select queries here are executed separately, while the results are combined, and MINUS is applied on this result to get the final output. It is one of the VERTICAL JOIN operators available in Oracle’s PL/SQL.
In simple words, MINUS operator returns only those rows which are unique in the first SELECT statement and does not exist in the second SELECT statement.
- MINUS operator can be applied on two or more than two SELECT statements.
- MINUS operator is often called VERTICAL JOIN, as the result combines data from two or more SELECT statements based on column instead of rows.
- The result of each SELECT statement can be treated as a set and MINUS operator applies on the sets and combines the result sets to get the one final result or a single set with the record(s) that exists only in FIRST SELECT statement and that would be UNIQUE.
Pictorial Representation:
| Dataset 1 | Dataset 2 |
| 1 | 2 |
| 2 | 3 |
| 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 5 |
Explanation: The MINUS query returns the record in the red outline area but does not share with the black outline area i.e. 1. This is the record that exists in Dataset 1 but not in Dataset 2.
Points of Concentration
- The queries are all executed independently, but their output is merged
- Only the final query ends with a semicolon ‘;’
Syntax:
SELECT col_1, col_2, ..., col_n FROM TableName WHERE condition(s)
MINUS
SELECT col_1, col_2, ..., col_n FROM TableName WHERE condition(s);
Description:
- Col_1/2/n: The column(s) or calculation as per your requirement
- Table Name: As per your requirement
- WHERE: It’s optional, depends on your requirement
Query:
SELECT Empno, Ename, Job, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno=10
MINUS
SELECT Empno, Ename, Job, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno=30;
Output:
Examples to Implement MINUS in Oracle
In this section, we’ll see the implementation of the MINUS operator and its behavior. For that, we will use the below sample table (Emp) with 14 records to understand the MINUS operator behavior.
Query:
SELECT * from Emp;
Output:
Example #1 – MINUS Operator without any Condition
Query:
SELECT Empno, Ename, Deptno FROM Emp
MINUS
SELECT Empno, Ename, Deptno FROM Emp;
Output:
In this example, MINUS operator returns ZERO record because each SELECT statement generates an individual set of the result but during the merge of the result sets, all records of the first result set exist in the second result set.
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Example #2 – MINUS Operator with WHERE Clause
Query:
SELECT Empno, Ename, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 10
MINUS
SELECT Empno, Ename, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 30;
Output:
In this example, both the SELECT statements created a separate result set based on condition and MINUS operator merged both the sets and displayed a final result with three records from the first result set.
First SELECT statement fetched records as shown below
- And second SELECT statement fetched records as shown below
And it clearly shows that the records of the first set are not matching with the second set records, that’s why the final result shows three rows output of the first result set.
Example #3 – MINUS Operator with Different Number of Columns
Query:
SELECT Empno, Ename, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 10
MINUS
SELECT Ename, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 30;
Output:
Why Does ERROR Show in Output?
As MINUS operator Rules and Restrictions says that the result sets of all SELECT statements must have the same NUMBER of columns. But in this example, the first SELECT statement contains three columns but the second SELECT statement contains two columns.
Example #4 – MINUS Operator with Invalid Column Name
Query:
SELECT Dname, Ename, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 10
MINUS
SELECT Ename, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 30;
Output:
Why Does ERROR Show in Output?
As column name “Dname” does not exist in Emp Table, hence the output shows the invalid identifier.
Example #5 – MINUS Operator with Mismatch Data Type
Query:
SELECT Ename, Hiredate, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno =10
MINUS
SELECT Ename, Job, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 30;
Output:
Why Does ERROR Show in Output?
As MINUS operator Rules and Restrictions says that the data type of each column in the second result set must match the data type of its corresponding column in the first result set. But in this example, column numbers are the same in both the result sets but the data type is mismatching. The first SELECT statement result set consists of column “Hiredate” which is the DATE data type but the second result set consists of column “Job” which is a VARCHAR2 data type which is not matching, so the OUTPUT shows data type error.
Example #6 – MINUS Operator with ORDER BY Clause
Query:
SELECT Empno, Ename, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Job =’SALESMAN’
ORDER BY Empno
MINUS
SELECT Empno, Ename, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 30;
Output:
In this example, output throws an ERROR even if the column number and data type criteria is matching with both the result sets.
Why Does Still ERROR Show in Output?
In this example, the ORDER BY clause used by the first SELECT statement to sort the result set. But we can only use the ORDER BY clause in the last SELECT statement. Following is the correct way to use the ORDER BY clause as shown below:
Query:
SELECT Empno, Ename, Job, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Job =’SALESMAN’
MINUS
SELECT Empno, Ename, Job, Deptno FROM Emp WHERE Deptno = 10
ORDER BY 1;
Output:
In this example, the ORDER BY clause has been used by the last SELECT statement to sort the result without any error.
NOTE:
- In the ORDER BY clause, column position number can be also used instead of a column name.
- In some cases, MINUS operation is more costly than other operations (join, subquery, etc.)
Rules and Restrictions
Following are the important rules and restrictions of MINUS operator as listed below:
- The result sets of the queries must have the same number of columns.
- The data type of each column in the second result set must match the data type of its corresponding column in the first result set.
- The two SELECT statements may not contain an ORDER BY clause, but the final result of the MINUS operation can be ordered.
- The column used for ordering can be defined by the column number.
- To sort the final result set, a SELECT statement may contain an ORDER BY clause but the last SELECT statement only may contain the ORDER BY clause.
Conclusion
MINUS Operator performs VERTICAL Join and returns only those record(s) that is/are NOT existing in second result set. To get the record(s), that is/are UNIQUE and doesn’t exist in the second SELECT statement result set, MINUS operator can be used but column(s) number and data type must be the same.
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