Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression

Difference Between Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression

The following article Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression provides the most important differences between both, but before we will see what does Regression means?

Regression

Regression is basically a statistical measure to determine the strength of the relationship between one dependent variable i.e. the output Y and a series of other independent variables i.e. X₁, X₂ and so on. Regression analysis is basically used for prediction and forecasting.

What is Linear Regression?

Linear regression is an algorithm that is based on the supervised learning domain of machine learning. It inherits a linear relationship between its input variables and the single output variable where the output variable is continuous in nature. It is used to predict the value of output let’s say Y from the inputs let’s say X. When only single input is considered it is called simple linear regression.

It can be classified into two main categories:

1. Simple Regression

Principal of operation: The main goal is to find out the equation of a straight line that best fits the sampled data. This equation algebraically describes the relationship between the two variables. The best-fitting straight line is called as regression line.

Y = β₀ + β₁X

Where,

β represents the features

β₀ represents the intercept

β₁represents the coefficient of feature X

2. Multivariable Regression

It is used to predict a correlation between more than one independent variable and one dependent variable. Regression with more than two independent variable is based on fitting shape to the constellation of data on a multi-dimensional graph. The shape of regression should be such that it minimizes the distance of the shape from every data point.

A linear relationship model can be represented mathematically as below:

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Y = β₀ + β₁X₁+ β₂X₂+ β₃X₃+ ....... + β_nX_n

Where,

β represents the features

β₀ represents the intercept

β₁represents the coefficient of feature X₁

β_nrepresents the coefficient of feature X_n

Advantages and Disadvantages of Linear Regression

Below given are advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages

Due to its simplicity, it is widely used modeling for predictions and inferences.
It focuses on data analysis and data preprocessing. So, it deals with different data without bothering about the details of the model.

Disadvantages

It works efficiently when the data are normally distributed. Thus for efficient modeling, the collinearity must be avoided.

What is Logistic Regression?

It is a form of regression which allows the prediction of discrete variables by a mixture of continuous and discrete predictors. It results in a unique transformation of dependent variables which impacts not only the estimation process but also the coefficients of independent variables. It addresses the same question which multiple regression does but with no distributional assumptions on the predictors. In logistic regression the outcome variable is binary. The purpose of the analysis is to assess the effects of multiple explanatory variables, which can be numeric or categorical or both.

Types of Logistic Regression

Below are the 2 types of Logistic Regression:

1. Binary Logistic Regression

It is used when the dependent variable is dichotomous i.e. like a tree with two branches. It is used when the dependent variable is non-parametric.

Used when

If there is no linearity
There are only two levels of the dependent variable.
If multivariate normality is doubtful.

2. Multinomial Logistic Regression

Multinomial logistic regression analysis requires that the independent variables be metric or dichotomous. It does not make any assumptions of linearity, normality, and homogeneity of variance for the independent variables.

It is used when the dependent variable has more than two categories. It is used to analyze relationships between a non-metric dependent variable and metric or dichotomous independent variables, then compares multiple groups through a combination of binary logistic regressions. In the end, it provides a set of coefficients for each of the two comparisons. The coefficients for the reference group are taken to be all zeros. Finally, prediction is done based on the highest resultant probability.

Advantage of logistic regression: It is a very efficient and widely used technique as it doesn’t require many computational resources and doesn’t require any tuning.

Disadvantage of logistic regression: It cannot be used for solving non-linear problems.

Head to Head comparison between Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression (Infographics)

Below are the top 6 differences between Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression

Key Difference Between The Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression

Let us discuss some of the major key differences between Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression

Linear Regression

It is a linear approach
It uses a straight line
It can’t take categorical variables
It has to ignore observations with missing values of the numeric independent variable
Output Y is given as

1 unit increase in x increases Y by α

Applications

Predicting the price of a product
Predicting score in a match

Logistic Regression

It is a statistical approach
It uses a sigmoid function
It can take categorical variables
It can take decisions even if observations with missing values are present
Output Y is given as, where z is given as

1 unit increase in x increases Y by log odds of α
If P is the probability of an event, then (1-P) is the probability of it not occurring. Odds of success = P / 1-P

Applications

Predicting whether today it will rain or not.
Predicting whether an email is a spam or not.