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FCFF Formula

By Madhuri ThakurMadhuri Thakur

FCFF Formula

FCFF Formula (Table of Contents)

  • Formula
  • Examples

What is the FCFF Formula?

FCFF (Free Cash Flow to the Firm) represents the available cash for the investors, both equity and debt holders after the company pays off all its expenses, including taxes, interest, net capital expenditures, and working capital. In other words, free cash flow to the company is the cash left over after a company has paid its operating expenses and capital expenditures.

FCFF = Cash Flow From Operations + Interest Expense * (1 – Tax Rate) – Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)
FCFF = Net Income + Non Cash Charges + Interest Expense * (1 – Tax Rate) – Investments In Working Capital – Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)
FCFF = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) * (1 – Tax Rate) + Depreciation & Amortization – Long-Term Investments – Investments In Working Capital
FCFF = Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation And Amortization (EBITDA) * (1 – Tax Rate) + Depreciation & Amortization * Tax Rate – Long-Term Investments – Investments In Working Capital

Examples of FCFF Formula (With Excel Template)

Let’s take an example to understand the calculation of the FCFF Formula in a better manner.

You can download this FCFF Formula Excel Template here – FCFF Formula Excel Template

FCFF Formula – Example #1

Let’s understand the calculation of the Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF) by a simple example.

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We have assumed the following information about ABC Company:

Free Cash Flow to the Firm -1.1

Solution:

Interest Expense * (1 – Tax Rate)

Free Cash Flow to the Firm -1.2

  • = $30 * (1- 40%)
  • = $18

By using Formula (Net Profit)

FCFF is calculated using the formula given below

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FCFF = Net Income+ Non Cash Charges + Interest Expense * (1 – Tax Rate) – Investments in Working Capital – Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)

FCF-1.3

  • FCFF = $18 + $20 + $18 – $10 – $10
  • FCFF = $18 + $20 + $18 + $10 – $10
  • FCFF = $36.

By using Formula (Operating Profit):

FCFF is calculated using the formula given below

FCFF = Earnings before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) X (1 – Tax Rate) + Depreciation & Amortization – Long-Term Investments (Capex) – Investments In Working Capital

Free Cash Flow to the Firm-1.4

  • FCFF = $60 * (1- 40%) + $20 – $10 – $10
  • FCFF = $36.

FCFF Formula – Example #2

Let us take the example of Apple Inc. We have key financial figures of Apple Inc. for the year ended 2018 & 2017. Now, we will calculate the Free Cash Flow to the Firm by using the formula:

FCFF-2

Solution:

For year 2018

Free Cash Flow to the Firm -2.1

  • FCFF = $77,434 + $2,469 – $13,313
  • FCFF = $66590

For year 2017

Free Cash Flow to the Firm-2.2

  • FCFF = $63,598 + $1,577 – $12,451
  • FCFF = $52,724

FCFF-2.3

Calculation of FCFF using another Method

Tax Rate is calculated as

Tax Rate = Net Tax Paid / Cash Paid for Interest, Before Tax

Free Cash Flow to the Firm -2.4

For 9/29/2018

  • Tax Rate = $553 / $3,022
  • Tax Rate = 18.30%

For 9/30/2017

  • Tax Rate = $515 / $2,092
  • Tax Rate = 24.62%

FCFF is calculated using the formula given below

Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF) = Cash Flow from Operations + Interest Expense * (1 – Tax Rate) – Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)

FCFF-2.5

Apple Inc.’s FCFF has increased from 2017 to 2018. It means that the cash flow available with Apple Inc.’s suppliers of capital after all operating expenses made and meeting investments in working and fixed capital expenses.

FCFF Formula – Example #3

Let us take the example of Amazon.com Inc. We have key financial figures of Amazon.com Inc. for the year ended 2018 & 2017. Now, we will calculate the Free Cash Flow to the Firm by using the formula:

FCFF-3

Solution:

For year 2018

FCFF-3.1

  • FCFF = $30,723 + $1,277 – $13,427 + $2,104 – 14,256
  • FCFF = $6,421

For year 2017

FCFF-3.2

  • FCFF = $18,434 + $516 – $11,955 + $1,897 -$13,178
  • FCFF = -$4,286

FCFF-3.3

Calculation of FCFF using another Method

Tax Rate is calculated as

Tax Rate = Net Tax Paid / Cash Paid for Interest, Before Tax

FCFF-3.4

For 9/29/2018

  • Tax Rate = $152 / $1,429
  • Tax Rate = 10.64%

For 9/30/2017

  • Tax Rate = $131 / $647
  • Tax Rate = 20.25%

FCFF is calculated using the formula given below

Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF) = Cash Flow from Operations + Interest Expense * (1 – Tax Rate) – Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)

FCFF-3.5

Amazon.com Inc.’s FCFF has increased from 2017 to 2018. It means that the cash flow available with Amazon.com Inc’s suppliers of capital after all operating expenses made and meeting investments in working and fixed capital expenses.

Explanation

The formula for free cash flow to the firm is:

FCFF = Net Income+ Non Cash Charges + Interest Expense * (1 – Tax Rate) – Investments in Working Capital – Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)

Here’s where we can find the financial items to calculate the Free Cash Flow to the Firm:

Net Income: Income Statement

Net income includes the amount of funds remains, after all, operating expenses, taxes, interest, and preferred stock dividends being deducted from the company’s total revenue.

EBIT (1 – Tax Rate): Income Statement

Net tax paid on the Earnings before tax (EBT) amount and escapes the capitalization impact.

Less: Non-Operating Expenses: Income Statement

Non-operating expenses incurred during a certain period of time that is unrelated to the core business. Examples include interest income, interest expense, gain/loss on disposal of fixed assets and other one-time charges.

Add: Depreciation & Amortization – Cash Flow Statement (Operating)

Any reduction in the value of the intangible assets is called amortization. Depreciation is the gradual reduction in the value of an asset over its estimated useful life span. Amortization is the process of writing of deferred revenue expenditure over more than one accounting period.

Less: Capital Expenditure (Capex) – Cash Flow Statement (Investing)

CAPEX or Capital expenditures are the funds that a business uses to obtain a long-term advantage (purchase goods or services) to expand the company’s abilities to generate profits.

Add: Change in Working Capital – Cash Flow Statement (Operating)

It represents the cash inflow or outflow in the firm and excludes cash and cash equivalents and short-term debt (notes payable and CPLTD).

Relevance and Uses of Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF Formula)

  • Free cash flow to the firm is important because it reflects the amount of cash flow which is available to all the investors including bondholders as well as shareholders of the firm.
  • It allows the firms to pursue opportunities for the shareholders to enhance the value of their investments. Without cash, it is not possible to develop new products, make acquisitions/up-gradation of machinery, pay dividends and discharge the debt.
  • Investors prefer to use free cash flow as against net income measures a firm’s financial performance because it is difficult to manipulate than net income.
  • It is one of the most important tools in the valuation of a Company since this helps to know how much cash the company is able to generate in a given set of parameters.

Recommended Articles

This is a guide to FCFF Formula. Here we discuss how to calculate the FCFF Formula along with practical examples and downloadable excel template. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –

  1. Formula for Variance Analysis
  2. How to Calculate Nominal Interest Rate?
  3. Examples of Interest Expense
  4. Calculation of Net Interest Margin
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