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PostgreSQL Full Text Search

PostgreSQL Full Text Search

Introduction to PostgreSQL Full Text Search

The PostgreSQL help us to find the record as well as the document; the document included text columns and row along with Metadata. The document consists of data, URL and title. Search speed and search accuracy is the main factor of PostSQL search. Basically, we use LIKE expression for find or search purpose but required exact match, we have another path for search is trigrams it is applicable for spelling mistake, or inexact matches depends on the similarity of the word, but this is difficult to search multiple words. So the best option to avoid this limitation is PostgreSQL Search. It provides search with a large document with the help of natural language. In this topic, we are going to learn about PostgreSQL Full Text Search.

Full-Text Search Methodologies

In PostgreSQL, we use tsvector data type for full-text search, tsvector create lexemes. Let’s see how tsvector is working. Mainly tsvector has two functions.

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1. to_tsvector

It is used to create a list of token and where t stands for text and s stand for search. We create optimized searching with the help of tsvector, in which we add a column in a table to save the index. We can able to do a fast search with the help of tsvector but remember, one think data should be up to date.

Syntax:

Select                to_tsvector               (‘Title’,                         ‘document’);

This is a simple syntax of to_tsvector in which that to_tsvector is the data type; Title is language, and the document is search text.  After execution of the above syntax, we got lexemes.

Examples

Select to_tsvector('English', 'This is my old company, and this is company  very good' );

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

PostgreSQL Full Text Search output 1

In the above Snapshot in which phrase takes place, two instances, however right here, appear as soon as their unique position.

select to_tsvector('The white dog jumped over the lazy cat ');

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

PostgreSQL Full Text Search output 2

The above result returns a vector, and every token is lexeme with its position in the document and article (the) is removed.

2. to_tsquery

This is a very interesting function of searching. It used to search specific word in a document. It accepts the document created by to_tsvector. It uses the @@ operator for search purpose.

Syntax:

Select              to_tsvector                (‘document’)              @@     to_tsquery                 (‘search word’);

Above syntax to_tsvector is the data type; a document is text and searches word for a specific search.

Examples

select to_tsvector(‘The white dog jumped over the lazy cat ‘) @@ to_tsquery(‘cat’);

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

PostgreSQL Full Text Search output 3

It shows the result true because the cat word present in the document

In the same example, we perform another search cats

select to_tsvector(' The white dog jumped over the lazy cat ') @@ to_tsquery('cats');

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

PostgreSQL Full Text Search output 4

The result of the above query is true. Because cats is a plural form of cat

Now another query we write for cated

select to_tsvector(' The white dog jumped over the lazy cat ') @@ to_tsquery('cated');

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

PostgreSQL Full Text Search output 5

The result of the above statement is false because the meaning of cated word is different; it does not belong to the same cluster

  • Operators and Uses

tsquery provide a different operator to the user to make a fixable search on the document, and it reduces the time and complexity of the user. PostgreSQL provides the following operator

  • AND Operator (&)

By using this operator, we can return two different words from the document.

Example

Select to_tsvector(' The white dog jumped over the lazy cat ') @@ to_tsquery('cat & dog');

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

 PostgreSQL Full Text Search output 6

  • OR operator(|)

By using this operator, we can return at least one word from the document.

Example

SELECT to_tsvector('The white dog jumped over the lazy cat')  @@ to_tsquery('cat |monkey');

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

PostgreSQL Full Text Search output 7

  • NAVIGATION Operator (!)

By using this operator, we can able to check word is absent in the given document.

Example

SELECT to_tsvector('The white dog jumped over the lazy cat') @@ to_tsquery('!monkey');

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

PostgreSQL Full Text Search output 8

3. Stop Word

In the case of tsvector, it misses some words, but by using Stop Word, we can regain that word.

Example

SELECT to_tsvector('pg_catalog.simple','Sky is blue and roses are red');

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

output 9

4. Normalization

Search dictionaries deal with natural language with the complexity of human language. Sometimes, meaning is similar to a different word, so we use normalization to avoid the complexity of a word that is different from the same word to one word.

Example

SELECT to_tsvector('pg_catalog.English','Jon is very brillent studtent''from his class''he got first class from last semister');

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

output 10

5. Create Document/ Record

Here we create a simple table name as a record by using create a statement

Example

CREATE TABLE Record (                     record_id SERIAL,          record_text TEXT,    record_tokens TSVECTOR,        CONSTRAINT record_pkey PRIMARY KEY (record_id)  );

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

  • Then insert the record into a document.

INSERT INTO record (record_text) VALUES
('Ram is playing cricket with his friends.'),
('I want to go abroad for master studies'),
('PostgreSQL is popular technology.'),
('Full text search gives fast result');
Select * from Record;

Illustrate the result of the above statement by using the following snapshot

 output 11

  • Now do update command with their respective vector of each record

UPDATE record r1   SET record_tokens = to_tsvector(r1.record_text)               FROM record r2;
Select * from record;

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

output 12

  • Now phrase search Record

SELECT            record_id,                   record_text FROM record   WHERE record_tokens @@ to_tsquery('play & friend');

Illustrate the end result of the above declaration by using the use of the following snapshot

output 13

Conclusion

We hope from the above article you have to understand what Full-Text Search in PostgreSQL is and how it is used. In the above article, we learn a different method of full-text search like To_tsvector, To_tsquery; with the different example, we also have seen how we can use the different operator in tsquery. The full-text search is able to avoid the repetition of a word with normalizing. This is a very fast and advanced searching methodology in PostgreSQL.

Recommended Articles

This is a guide to  PostgreSQL Full Text Search. Here we discuss what Full-Text Search in PostgreSQL is and Examples of how it is used. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –

  1. PostgreSQL OID
  2. PostgreSQL Limit Offset
  3. PostgreSQL WITH Clause
  4. PostgreSQL Formatter
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