ARP Packet Format

Introduction to ARP Packet Format

A hierarchal approach is a good practice, especially when you have to demonstrate something. So in this article, we will cover the ‘Communication Protocol’ first to understand how things work under ARP Packet Format and see what and how ARP constitutes the protocol suite.

Communication Protocol or Protocol suite is a kind of rules that every entity of a communication system has to follow when transmitting ay king of information using the physical medium. This protocol defines everything that comes within it, like rules, syntax, semantics, and synchronization.

ARP, which stands for Address Resolution Protocol, is one of the many communication protocol components. The second thing is ARP works on the link-layer level. ARP helps in connecting the IP address to the physical machine address. For the IPV4 version, the commonly used I am 32 bit in length, whereas, for an Ethernet local address, it is 48 bits long.

Why do we need ARP into the Communication Protocol?

“The real challenge lies in finding the IP packet addressing for MAC address; however, the source is easy to determine, but the destination is a tough task”.

So to determine the destination MAC address, there are several methods –

• Closed-form computation
• Table lookup
• Message Exchange

To all listed issues, ARP comes to the rescue; let us see how –

ARP is built into every node of IP config, which means every system that is being developed on the IPV4 network has an ARP code included in it.

In ARP, only two messages are defined – ARP request and ARP reply.

Now, we get back to the problem statement, which says ‘the issue is there to find the destination MAC addressing’.

So, after a host finds out the destination’s MAC address, an ARP request is sent out. When this ARP request message is received, the destination will automatically send back an ARP reply.

What is happening over here is that ARP request asks, “Can I have the MAC address”? And the reply is “Yes, you can”.

The Structure of Arp

Below listed fields are there in an ARP message.

• Hardware Type: This is to specify the type of hardware used by the local network to transmit the Address Resolution Protocols message. Once common hardware under this category would be the ‘Ethernet’ with a value equal to 1, and field size would be 2.
• Protocol Type: To assign a fixed number in this field, IPV4 has a number 2048.
• Hardware size: This is the length in bytes for the MAC address; generally, we see the ethernet has a MAC address of 6 bytes long.
• Protocol Size: It represents the length of the IPV4 logical address, IPV4 address re generally 4 bytes long.
• OpCode: This is the length of the logical address in bytes; it specifies the nature of the ARP message. An ARP Request has an assigned value of 1, whereas the ARP reply holds the value of 2.
• Sender MAC address: Layer 2 address for the device sending the message.
• Sender IP address: Protocol address in IPV4 for the device sending the message.
• Target MAC address: Layer 2 of the intended receiver. This field does not hold any value during the request phase and works only during the reply phase.
• Target IP address: This address the protocol address for the intended receiver.

Working of Arp Protocols

Two devices are there.

1. Source device
2. Destination device

So, these two want to communicate between them. The first thing to do in those processes would be for the source device will check its ARP cache and finds out if it has a resolved MAC address for the destination device or not. If the MAC address is present in the resolved state, then it will utilize that MAC address to establish the communication.

But if the resolved ARP is not there, then the source machine will create the ARP request message and put its datalink address plus its IPv4 address as sender protocols address. One thing to note is that here the ‘Target hardware address’ will be left blank as the machine is trying to find out that the source also broadcasts the ARP message request to its local network.

Both the device after this starts to compare the target protocol address with its protocol address. If there is no match, then it will be dropped then and there itself without any actions.

If the findings happen, an ARP message is generated. Here the targeted device takes the ‘Sender hardware Address’ and ‘Sender Protocol Address’ from the ARP message and uses these values for the targeted hardware and protocols.

Now the destination device will update its ARP cache as it needs to contact the sender machine to establish a connection. The source machine will process the ARP reply from its destination and store the ‘Sender hardware address’.

The last thing to perform before a successful connection is that the source machine will update its ARP cache with the sender hardware address and sender protocol address from the ARP reply message.

ARP Packet Diagram

Explain in Detail: Components of ARP Packet Format

FIELD NAME	SIZE (BYTE)	DESCRIPTION
HRD	2	Hardware type and value. Ethernet = 1 IEEE 802 networks = 6 ARCNET = 6 Frame Relay = 15 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) = 16 HDLC = 17 Fibre Channel = 18 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) = 19 Serial Line = 20
PRO	2	this is a compliment for the Hardware type field, specifying the type of layer being used in the messages. For IPv4, the value is 2048, which also corresponds to the Ether code for the Internet Protocol.
HLN	1	this is there to specify the length of the hardware relates addresses that are there in the message.
PLN	1	this specifies how long will the protocol address is going to be in the message.
OP	2	This field demonstrates the nature of the ARP message. The first two values (i.e. 0 and 1) are being used for regular ARP. other values are being defined have a look at the below-mentioned table – OpCode ARP Message Type 1 ARP Request 2 ARP Reply 3 RARP Request 4 RARP Reply 5 DRARP Request 6 DRARP Reply 7 DRARP Error 8 InARP Request 9 InARP Reply
SHA	Equal to HLN field	Deals with the hardware address of the device that is sending the message
SPA	Equal to PLN field	The IP address of the device which is sending the message
THA	Equals to HLN field	The hardware address of the device which is receiving the message
TPA	Equals to PLN field	The IP address of the device is on the receiving end.

Conclusion

Finally, we are at the concluding statement regarding the discussion e had in this article on ARP. We have seen the communication protocols structure (IPv4) and where ARP (the title of the article) lies in the communication protocol. We have also seen what role it plays and how effective it handles its responsibility while the communication is targeted. We have seen the ARP structure, need for ARP, ARP packet diagram and components description.

Recommended Articles

This is a guide to ARP Packet Format. Here we discuss the introduction to ARP Packet Format with it’s working structure as well as need. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –

1. What is ARP?
2. Address Resolution Protocol
3. Frameworks In Java
4. Get IP Address in PHP