What is Imputed Interest?
Imputed Interest is basically interest income if one person grants money to other people at zero rates of interest, but IRS considers the same to tax the Interest component on the assumption that if the lender would have been a financial institution, it would have charged some interest on the amount lent.
Types of Imputed Interest
Types of Imputed Interest are linked to the types of loans granted. So, there are different types of loans against which imputed Interest can be computed. These are:
- Gift Loans: The most famous of its kind is when the father grants money to the son or within family members or between friends. However, please note, the money given to the spouse is not considered for imputed Interest.
- Shareholders Loan: It is the case when a loan is granted by corporate to its shareholders at zero cost to the shareholders
- Intercorporate Loan: Here, the imputed interest is computed on a loan granted by one organization to its sister concern.
- Loans to Reduce Tax Liability: Here, loans are granted deliberately by one party to another so as to make another person pay interest. It reduces the taxable income of the payer.
- Zero-Coupon Bonds (ZCB): In this case, bonds are issued at a discount to the face value. No interest is paid during the tenor of the bond. The face value is the amount that the investor receives from the bond issuer at the end of the period. However, the difference between the issue price and the bond’s face value is the net inflow for the investor. Hence, It is computed on the value of the investment, i.e. discounted issue price.
However, the IRS exempts a few imputed interests. These are as follows:
- Loans wherein they are subsidized, i.e. subsidy granted by the government as per need basis.
- No-interest schemes of automobile sectors or no-interest in credit card scheme.
- Relocation loan granted by an employer to his employee
- Gift loans of less than $ 10,000, unless it is used for buying income-producing assets.
- Loans of less than $ 10,000 by a corporation to a shareholder are also exempt if the corporate entity can prove that the arrangement was not made for tax avoidance purposes.
- Loans received from a foreign country that would otherwise be not subject to the domestic country’s tax laws.
Components of Imputed Interest
The word “imputed interest” means the implicit or obvious interest one should receive for lending money. The typical components include:
1. AFR Rate
It means Applicable Federal Rate. The base rate is used by the Internal Revenue System (IRS) to compare with the actual Interest charged between the parties. Basically, the IRS published three AFRs viz short-term (three years or less), mid-term (up to nine years) and long-term (more than nine years). IRS annualizes the 3-year, 9-year, and more-than-9 years for ease of computation of imputed Interest. The annualized rate is as follows (January 2019):
Please note that the rates keep on changing as required by the circumstances.
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2. Actual Interest Rate
This is the actual rate of interest agreed between the parties. Using this rate, actual Interest is paid by the borrower. However, This comes into play when the actual rate is less than AFR.
3. Base Amount
This is the actual amount lent by the lender. Actual Interest is paid on this amount. AFR is also applied to this amount.
4. Taxable Component
This is the difference between the actual Interest amount and the imputed Interest amount. This difference is treated as the taxable income of the lender party.
Examples of Imputed Interest (With Excel Template)
Let’s take an example to understand the calculation of the Imputed Interest in a better manner.
Formula
- Step 1: Find the AFR
- Step 2: Compare the AFR with an actual rate
- Step 3: If the actual rate is less than AFR, then the difference is taxable
Example #1 – Zero Coupon Bond
Solution:
Step 1: Compute the Differential Income
Differential Income is calculated as
Differential Income = Face Value – Issue Price
- Differential Income = $50,000 – $45,000
- Differential Income = $5,000
Step 2: Compute the actual rate of return (per annum)
Actual Interest Rate is calculated using the formula given below
Actual Interest Rate = (Face Value / Issue Price) 1/n
- Actual Interest Rate = ($50,000 / $45,000) (1/10)
- Actual Interest Rate = 1.01059
Actual Rate of Return is calculated as
- Actual Rate of Return = 1.01059 – 1
- Actual Rate of Return = 1.06%
Step 3: Find the AFR
- For our purpose AFR = 3.15%
Step 4: Imputed Interest
Imputed Interest is calculated as
- Imputed Interest = 3.15 % – 1.06 %
- Imputed Interest = 2.09%
Imputed Interest Income for Year 1 is calculated as
- Imputed Interest Income for Year 1 = $ 45,000 * 2.09%
- Imputed Interest Income for Year 1 = $ 941
Actual Interest received for Year 1 = NIL
Step 5: Taxable Income for Year 1
- Taxable Income for Year 1 = $ 941
Step 6: Closing Balance
Closing Balance is calculated as
- Closing Balance of Year 1 = (45000 * 1.06% ) + 45000 + 477
- Closing Balance of Year 1 = 45477
Step 7: Year 2 onwards
Example #2 – Inter-Family Loan
Let’s say a father gives an amount of $ 60,000 to his son for education purposes for a period of 2 years. Obviously, no interest will be charged. The implied AFR is 2.72%.
Solution:
Taxable Income of Father is calculated as
- Taxable Income of Father = $ 60,000 * 2.72%
- Taxable Income of Father = $1,632
Advantages and Limitations of Imputed Interest
Advantages and limitations are given below:
Advantages
- It increases the revenue of the IRS.
- It helps identify the fraudulent parties.
- It helps identify the transactions that crystalize imputed interest.
- It increases compliance with the IRS.
- No hidden surprises for lenders at the time filing the tax return.
- It makes the lenders to tax-plan in advance
Limitations
- If the actual rate is more than AFR, then no immunity is granted to the lender. It means higher income is taxable in the case of lower AFR.
- The IRS may not identify all transactions.
Important points to be noted for changes in imputed interest:
- The applicable federal rate should be correctly ensured every year
- Computed interest should be offered for tax in the respective years
Conclusion
On a closing note, Imputed interest is the “should be amount” or “fair value interest” that is expected to flow between parties involved. Accordingly, this concept also applies to certain bonds that don’t pay interest. For example, zero-coupon bonds (ZCB) are issued at a discount than the bond’s face value. Hence, AFR is applied to the actual amount paid for the bond. Further, the difference is added to the taxable income of the lender or bond issuer. Accordingly, tax is payable on the increased amount.
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