Definition of Credit Analysis
Credit analysis is a process in which an investor or bond portfolio manager calculates a company’s creditworthiness or other debt issuing entities. It helps the investor and bond portfolio manager in measuring the risk linked to investing in companies or other debt issuing entities.
Explanation
It is a process in which a lender conducts an analysis over borrowers to know their creditworthiness and the risks involved in extending credit to them. The credit analysis process comprises various techniques, namely cash flow analysis, trend analysis, risk analysis, and ratio analysis, etc. All these analyses are done to determine the risk associated with investing and the amount of loss the lender can suffer.
How does Credit Analysis Work?
It is a lengthy process, and it could take a few weeks to a whole month. A process of credit analysis involves several stages, and the following are the several key stages of credit analysis:
- Information Collection: It is the first stage of the credit analysis process, and in this stage, an applicant’s credit history is checked by going through information such as repayment records, financial solvency, and transaction records with the banks. The lender also collects information about the purpose of loans and information regarding collateral for the loan.
- Information Analysis: The information collected in the first stage is being checked in the second stage to check whether the borrower’s provided information is accurate.
- Approval or Rejection: It is the last stage of the credit analysis process. In this stage, decisions are made by the lender after proper analysis of provided information as to whether to approve or reject the loan depending upon the level of risk.
Example of Credit Analysis
The credit analysis process can be understood better by taking an example of a financial ratio’s debt service coverage ratio used in the credit analysis process. The debt service coverage ratio is used to measure the cash flow available with the borrower to pay the debt. The DSCR below 1 indicates negative cash flow, and the DSCR above 1 shows positive cash flow.
A DSCR of 0.78 shows that the company has enough cash flow to cover 78% of the annual debt payment. Besides fundamental factors used in credit analysis, environmental factors like competition, taxation, regulatory climate, globalization can also reflect the borrower’s ability to repay the debt.
Credit Analysis Ratios
Numerous ratios are used in the process of credit analysis for decision making. The important ratios are discussed below:
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- Liquid Ratios: Liquid ratios deal with a company’s ability to repay its expenses, creditors, and other such short time obligations.
- Solvability Ratios: Solvability ratios deal with a company’s balance sheet items.
- Solvency Ratios: The solvency ratio deal with the company’s ability to repay its long-term debt. If the ratio is not well enough, then there are chances that the business solvency is badly affected in the long run.
- Profitable Ratios: Profitable ratios show the company’s potential to earn profits.
- Efficiency Ratios: Efficiency ratios show the company’s ability to earn and how they control its expenses.
- Cash Flow Analysis: The cash flow analysis shows a fair picture of the flow of cash in the business.
- Collateral Analysis: The security provided against the loan should have the qualities of stability, transferability, and marketability.
- SWOT Analysis: The SWOT analysis is done to arrange the expectation and reality with the condition of the market.
How does a Bank Do Credit Analysis?
Banks carry out credit analysis by evaluating loan applications based on their merits. Bank go through every individual or entity’s creditworthiness to check the level of risk involved in granting the loan. They check through the documents and information to gather enough data for analysis. Based on the analysis of documents, the level of risk involved in a loan application is decided.
Individuals with less risk are more likely to get their loan than individuals with a high level of risk.
5 C’s of Credit Analysis
- Character: It is the first thing that the lender notices about a borrower. It somehow creates an impact on lenders, which helps them to decide whether to approve a loan or not.
- Capacity: It is the most important factor to consider while granting a loan as it shows the borrower’s ability to repay the debt. The assessment of the capacity of the borrower helps the lender to calculate whether the borrower can repay the debt or not.
- Capital: Capital is the amount of money the borrower has invested in the business by using the assets. It shows the commitment of the borrower and how much risk the borrower will face if the business fails.
- Collateral: It is the security against the loan amount provided by the borrower to cover up the loan amount if the borrower fails to repay in the given time.
- Conditions: Condition refers to the purpose of the loan being sanctioned; it could be working capital, inventory, and purchase of equipment or for long-term investment.
Uses of Credit Analysis
- It is useful for the creditors as it helps them to determine the borrower’s ability to repay the debt.
- It is useful for investors as it helps them to determine a corporation’s financial stability.
- It helps corporations to fulfill their need for capital by which they can expand their business.
Why is Credit Analysis Important?
It is beneficial for banks, corporations, or investors, etc. As for the expansion of the business, corporations need capital that can be fulfilled by issuing bonds, shares, or by taking a loan. From the lender’s point of view, it is essential to have some sort of safety and surety against the loan being granted. For this, the credit analysis helps both the corporation and the lender as it will provide surety to the lender by providing creditworthiness of the corporation, and the lender can invest the money depending upon the level of risk.
Conclusion
It is a process that provides information about the creditworthiness of the borrower, which helps the lender to decide whether to provide a loan or not by keeping in mind the past, present and future situations of the borrower.
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